Observations on the zooplankton in the reedbelt area of the Neusiedlersee

Weekly sampling and simultaneous measurements of temperature, pH, and conductivity were made at three stations in the reedbelt, between 1980–82. 20 cladoceran and 14 copepod species were encountered, of whichCyclops vicinus vicinus was found in the lake for the first time. Of the measured environmental features, temperature showed the greatest seasonal changes; pH and conductivity were less variable. There were, both quantitatively and qualitatively, constant differences between the three stations, although they lay close to each other.     

宁夏沿黄城市带湿地景观格局演变特征及驱动力

湿地作为全球生产力最高的生态系统之一,具有水净化、气候调节、碳汇等多种功能,但由于人类社会发展的胁迫和自然条件的改变,湿地流失尤为严重。为探究沿黄湿地景观格局演变规律,了解湿地资源的现状和动态变化,本研究以2000、2009、2018年3个时期Landsat卫星影像为数据源,选用景观指数、地理探测器等方法定量分析2000—2018年间宁夏沿黄城市带湿地景观格局演变特征及驱动力。结果表明: 2000—2018年,宁夏沿黄城市带湿地面积呈先增后减的趋势,湿地面积在研究前期增加了52.2 km²,增长率为8.2%,后期减少了26.8 km²,减少率为3.9%。湿地主要转出为建设用地和未利用地,转出面积分别为166.7、158.4 km²;新增湿地主要由未利用地和林草地转入,转入面积为543.1 km²。城市带湿地景观的破碎化程度呈上升趋势,但各类湿地均衡分布的态势逐渐增强,景观多样性也不断增加,景观优势种类逐渐弱化。自然要素和社会经济要素共同影响城市带湿地景观格局演变,其中,社会经济要素中的人口因素影响最显著,自然要素中的降水量、气温驱动作用明显,其他驱动力因子相对较弱但也不容忽视。     

中老铁路经济廊带生态质量及其与人类活动的关系

区域生态质量很大程度上受人类活动强度影响,制约着区域经济可持续发展。以中老铁路经济廊带为对象,重点研究区内人类活动强度对区域生态环境的影响。选取1999、2009、2019年遥感影像计算遥感生态指数(RSEI),采用空间自相关及局域G统计量探测研究区生态质量的时空演变规律,并结合同期人口密度构建地理加权回归模型,定量分析区内人类活动强度引起的生态效应。研究表明: 1999—2019年,区内生态质量经历了先升后降的变化,RSEI均值由1999年的0.645升为2009年的0.738,随后又降为2019年的0.721,中部地区生态质量波动较大;基于地理加权回归模型(GWR)拟合人口密度与生态质量的效果明显好于最小二乘法,基于GWR的不同时期R²均高于0.7且拟合效果稳定,2019年拟合度最好(R²为0.785),1999、2009年R²分别为0.726、0.754;中老铁路沿线南部万象一带的生态质量对人类活动较敏感,以中度敏感区为主。对高、中、低度敏感区而言,人口密度每增长10、100、1000倍将相应导致RSEI均值降低0.2、0.4、0.6。经济廊带发展会导致人口密度增加,在规划布局过程中应控制人类活动,防止潜在敏感区及现有敏感区生态质量进一步恶化。     

气候变化背景下近30年祁连山高寒荒漠分布时空变化

高寒荒漠作为青藏高原植被带谱的顶端类型广泛分布于祁连山高海拔地区, 其生长和分布条件与周边区域差异明显, 对气候变化的响应更为敏感, 且研究较少。该文利用1990年以来的Landsat TM、OLI数据, 采用决策树分类和人工目视解译方法, 提取了祁连山高寒荒漠的分布范围。结合气候变化情况, 综合分析了气候变化背景下近30年祁连山高寒荒漠分布的动态变化及其时空差异。结果表明: (1)近30年增温气候变化过程中, 祁连山高寒荒漠分布范围呈萎缩趋势, 萎缩速率约为348.3 km ²·a ^-1, 萎缩变化幅度表现为西段>中段>东段, 局部地段上存在扩张现象。上述现象导致高寒荒漠下界平均海拔以每10年约15 m的平均速率向更高海拔推进, 向上推进幅度为西段>东段>中段; (2)受水热条件控制, 近30年祁连山高寒荒漠分布动态变化集中分布在低坡度地区。由于水热背景条件的空间差异, 祁连山东段和中段阳坡上高寒荒漠分布动态变化大于阴坡, 而在祁连山西段表现相反; (3) 1990年以来, 祁连山增温显著, 降水量微弱增加。在气候变化以及区域地形限制共同影响下, 祁连山高寒荒漠分布变化时空差异明显, 且过渡带上归一化植被指数与气温相关性高于降水量。以上结果表明, 气候变化影响祁连山高寒荒漠分布动态变化及其空间差异, 但气温是主要的影响因子, 增温促进了高寒荒漠下接植被带主体高寒草甸的生长。     

民勤绿洲边缘积沙带植物群落健康分析

甘肃河西走廊经过60多年的防沙治沙,在绿洲边缘形成了一条积沙带。其中,民勤绿洲边缘积沙带相对最典型、最完整。积沙带上的植被不仅是积沙带的形成因素,更是维持积沙带稳定的重要因素。从一定意义上说,积沙带上植被的健康状况,决定着积沙带的稳定性。为了分析积沙带上的植被状况,在民勤绿洲边缘积沙带上等间距设定了11条样线,通过60多个样方的植被调查,对民勤绿洲边缘积沙带上植物群落进行了健康序列分析。结果表明:民勤绿洲边缘积沙带上的植被普遍是不健康的,民勤绿洲边缘人工固沙林积沙带上的植被健康状况相对好于天然灌丛积沙带上的植被健康状况,乔灌混交林积沙带上的植被健康状况最差。民勤绿洲下游积沙带上的优势种植物柽柳严重枯死,健康状况最差,积沙带潜在风蚀活化的危险。农田弃耕后,沙区农田边缘防护林及其积沙带的保护是一个新的值得考虑的问题。     

桐粮间作林带的配置方式与农作物产量关系的研究

以桐粮间作为例,研究了林带的不同配置结构、林带冠覆盖率及小麦产量之间的关系。结果表明,林带距（Ｘｄ）、小麦相对产量（Ｙ）及间作年（Ａ）之间的关系为：Ｙ＝９０．３２９０－１．９９８２Ａ＋１．１９２４Ｘｄ－０．３３４９Ａ＾２＋０．２９１０ＡＸｄ－０．００３２ＡＸｄ＾２;林带冠覆盖率（Ｘｃ）与小麦相对产量（Ｙ）之间的关系为：Ｙ＝－０．０４６Ｘｃ＾２＋１．１５３９Ｘｃ＋９８．１７３（Ｘｃ≤２８％）,Ｙ＝ｅ     

不同栽培模式黄山药新根茎生长量的比较研究

本文研究了3种栽培模式(农业栽培模式、苹果园栽培模式和灌丛林带栽培模式)对黄山药新根茎生长量的影响,分析了3种模式的利弊和规模化发展黄山药的可能性,为多途径规模化发展黄山药提供了理论依据和技术范例。     

A bioclimatic classification of Chile: woodland communities in the temperate zone

The results of application of a global bioclimatic classification to Chile are presented. A total of 140 weather stations are assigned to bioclimatic belts on the basis of temperature and rainfall regime. In view of these assignements and of phytosociological data, a zonation of Chile into four major bioclimatic regions (Tropical, Mediterranean, Temperate and Boreal) is proposed. For the Temperate region, we discuss the distribution of the various climax forest communities with respect to bioclimatic belt. It is suggested that increased knowledge of the phytosociology of Chile will improve understanding of the climate of the different parts of the country.Nomenclature: Plant nomenclature follows Marticorena et al. (1985) for Chilean species.     

Fabrication and Operation of a Nano-Optical Conveyor Belt

The technique of using focused laser beams to trap and exert forces on small particles has enabled many pivotal discoveries in the nanoscale biological and physical sciences over the past few decades. The progress made in this field invites further study of even smaller systems and at a larger scale, with tools that could be distributed more easily and made more widely available. Unfortunately, the fundamental laws of diffraction limit the minimum size of the focal spot of a laser beam, which makes particles smaller than a half-wavelength in diameter hard to trap and generally prevents an operator from discriminating between particles which are closer together than one half-wavelength. This precludes the optical manipulation of many closely-spaced nanoparticles and limits the resolution of optical-mechanical systems. Furthermore, manipulation using focused beams requires beam-forming or steering optics, which can be very bulky and expensive. To address these limitations in the system scalability of conventional optical trapping our lab has devised an alternative technique which utilizes near-field optics to move particles across a chip. Instead of focusing laser beams in the far-field, the optical near field of plasmonic resonators produces the necessary local optical intensity enhancement to overcome the restrictions of diffraction and manipulate particles at higher resolution. Closely-spaced resonators produce strong optical traps which can be addressed to mediate the hand-off of particles from one to the next in a conveyor-belt-like fashion. Here, we describe how to design and produce a conveyor belt using a gold surface patterned with plasmonic C-shaped resonators and how to operate it with polarized laser light to achieve super-resolution nanoparticle manipulation and transport. The nano-optical conveyor belt chip can be produced using lithography techniques and easily packaged and distributed.